- Inhibition of flames – it is performed by injection of flame suppressant into the pipe. This requires some kind of flame detection mechanism, which triggers the injection. The most widely used inhibitor is mono-ammonium phosphate. Suppression of flames in spherical or cylindrical vessels is more difficult as the time available is much less than in long tubes. Flames can also be arrested by insertion of sintered metal discs, honeycombs, etc. These are usually cost effective, as they do not require much maintenance.
- Venting in the early stages of an explosion – bursting diaphragms and hinged or spring-loaded explosion doors can be used.
- Quenching of flame-shock complex – most methods used to quench low-velocity flames are also effective at a stage when the flame has accelerated to near-detonation velocity. For example the use of ceramic packing has been adopted by some plants in the German chemical industry.
- In mine galleries – trays containing limestone dust or water.
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